Cases of cervical cancer among young women are again in focus. According to World Health Organization, cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women across the globe. Experts say that irrespective of age, sexually active women are at risk of developing cancer of the cervix, that is, the lowermost part of the uterus.
Early signs and symptoms of cervical cancer
Dr Nirmala Chandrashekar, senior consultant, obstetrics-gynecology, BGS Gleneagles Global Hospital, Bangalore, highlights that common early signs of cervical cancer include intermenstrual bleeding (bleeding that occurs in between periods), irregular periods and pain during intercourse. Experts enumerate the other early signs of cervical cancer:
- bleeding after intercourse
- pelvic pain
- persistent white discharge with a strong odor
- abnormal bleeding or heavier or longer periods
- poor genital hygiene
- use of oral contraceptives over a long period
- malnutrition or a diet low on fruits and vegetables
Certain aspects of one’s sexual life, such as having sex at an early age, with multiple partners or without appropriate protection could increase the risk of this type of cancer. Dr Nirmala points out that fatigue, swelling in the leg and blood in the urine are symptoms of advanced stages of the cancer.
However, not all menstrual irregularities are indicative of this type of cancer, especially in younger women — it could be caused by hormonal fluctuations, too. “It is best to rule out the chances through timely gynecological screening,” advises Dr Nirmala.
Why are young women at risk of cervical cancer?
Dr Sangeeta Rodeo, consultant, gynecology and obstetrics, Fortis Hospital Mulund, Mumbai, points out that a predominant reason behind the increased detection of cervical cancer in younger women — especially those in their 20s and 30s — is lifestyle changes. “While we cannot pinpoint why it occurs, unhealthy habits like excessive consumption of alcohol and smoking can lead to the early onset of cervical cancer,” she explains. In addition, experts also point out that high-risk behavior in the early reproductive years can increase the chance of developing cervical cancer.
Detection and treatment
Dr Nirmala says that early detection of the cancer can help enhance the chances of survival. “Advanced stages of cervical cancer — beyond stage II — are treated with CTRT (chemotherapy and radiation therapy). This may reduce the survival rate and increase the chances of recurrence,” she adds.
Hence, experts recommend early detection and treatment of this condition. Dr Nirmala recommends the pap smear, a crucial test to detect cervical cancer in women. “All sexually active women must get the pap smear test done every two years,” she says.
Why take the HPV vaccination?
The chances of getting cervical cancer can be negated by getting vaccinated on time, say experts. Dr Rodeo strongly recommends that girls between the ages of 9 and 14 get the HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine. “Early vaccination, especially when a child has just attained puberty, provides greater protection,” she adds. However, doctors emphasize that sexually active women up to their mid-forties should get this vaccination to reduce the risk of this cancer.
Besides, like girls, young boys, too should take the HPV vaccine before becoming sexually active.
Takeaways
- Cervical cancer can develop in any sexually active woman.
- Abnormal bleeding, pain during intercourse and lifestyle changes are among the most common causes of this cancer in women.
- Early detection can enhance the chances of effective treatment and survival.
- Experts recommend that girls and women aged 9–40 years should get HPV vaccination to prevent or reduce the chances of cervical cancer.
